Perfect Domestic Wives - 1069 Words

Perfect domestic wives are expected to maintain a spotless home, raise angelic children, and preserve their energetic, polite exterior. Gender roles and freedom of women in the 19th century are the main themes in Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House.† The movement for women’s rights succeeded in Norway shortly after this time period. However, during the 19th century, Norway experienced peace which led to a concentration on the arts and theatre. New makeup and sets were brought into the theatre. Plays like â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen epitomized the new age of theatre, realism, in the 19th century. During the 19th century, Norway had resolved wars and began growing as a nation, Europe experienced the industrial revolution, and class systems developed into daily life. After fighting for many centuries to become an independent country, Norway finally found peace in the time period. The arts thrived led by Henrik Ibsen. Norwegian women be came the first in Europe to be given the right to vote shortly after the 19th century in 1913. While Norway was still poor, the nation continued to grow with pride (â€Å"History†). The Industrial Revolution had made its way to Europe in this time period. About half of the population of England lived in cities, because that was where people could find jobs. Big businesses were booming and laws could not keep up with the companies. Workers were controlled by their employees. The workers’ wages were threatened if they were late or made mistakes.Show MoreRelatedFeminism And Popular Culture : Gender Relations And Feminist Issues1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beauty Myth, can be perceived in popular portrayals of women, as their appearances are considered central to their role in the plot. Examples of this include the reality television show, The Bachelor, and the science fiction film, The Stepford Wives. Naomi Wolf’s popular discussion in her book, The Beauty Myth, was influential for its perspective on the pressures on women to conform to a standardized idea of their physical appearance and the problems associated with this societal construct.Read MoreRoles Of Women And Wives, Feminism, And Suburbia Vs. Urban834 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to watch The Stepford wives (1975). The reason why we chose this movie was because The Stepford wives was about wives who lives in a small suburb where the women happily do the housework and to please their husband. Since we were all females and all education majors we thought it was going to be interesting to watch this movie. This movie asked and addressed several questions and topics that were related to the American Sixties. The role of women and wives, feminism, and suburbia vs. urbanRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn America most cases of Domestic Violence are never actually reported, many times these cases go unheard and the victims suffer in silence. The worn out cries of a battered woman as she lays on the ground clutching herself and begging her significant other to just stop. The bruises and cuts that remain unreported due to the victim claiming they accidentally fell yet again. The abusers tend to make the victim almost entirely dependable on them. An abuser will do this to gain control and to createRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Lee Smith And Charlotte Perkins Gilman1266 Words   |  6 Pagesidea that a women’s purpose in life was to remain in the domestic sphere. This meant their interactions and occupations within the public sphere w as severely limited. This preconceived bias towards women’s only job to be a wife remained constant through centuries although the degrees of pressure on women varied. As decades progressed into the late 1800s to present time, a women’s occupational world had a chance grow outside their domestic sphere. Although this doesn’t mean men’s desire for a female’sRead MoreSummary Of The Stepford Wives 974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stepford Wives: Change in momentum There was a perfect town called Stepford, where every woman is oppressed and victimized by their husband. Women in Stepford have little to no say about what goes on in their day to day lives. The men get to choose exactly what they want to hear, so their robotic wives are nothing less than perfection. The women of Stepford were led by Joanna and Bobbi, the two women rights activists in town. The scene that represents second-wave feminism in the movie is whenRead MoreUtopia Vs Dystopia797 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of utopias have always been an interesting topic for philosophers throughout time. Many ideas and perfect laws have been discussed, however every man’s virtue, is another’s vice and there are disagreements. Both Plato’s The Republic and More’s Utopia heavily discuss their ideas of a perfect society. Their thoughts on a utopia have plenty similarities, more specifically in gender relations. They believe that for a society to truly be equal w omen must work as much as men and that both menRead MoreAn Ideal Understanding Of The Catholic Christianity Perception Of A Wife1202 Words   |  5 PagesThis idea presents an ideal understanding of the catholic Christianity perception of a wife. It was the understanding of the Catholic Christians and a construction that looked a perfect presentation of how and what a wife should be. Though we cannot dispute the opinions presented by Monica, we can only try to understand it better as according to the condition and circumstances we are living. The confessions were done several years back however they carry an intrinsic meaning and reason why they areRead MoreThe Role of Women in Beowulf1137 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf The women in Beowulf, which was written around 70 CE by an anonymous poet, fill many different roles, ranging from peacekeepers to wives and monsters, all of which are evidenced in the Queen Wealtheow, Queen Hygd, Hidleburh, and Grendel’s mother. The most prominent role of women throughout the poem is devoted wives and queens, which is reflected in the portrayal of Queen Wealtheow. When she is first introduced, Wealtheow â€Å"went on her rounds, queenly and dignified, deckedRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexual Norms1399 Words   |  6 Pagesto not only go to work but come home and work doing the domestic housework and caring for the children. While discussing equality she states, â€Å"women simply could not be equal while they ‘continued doing two jobs to their husband’s one,’ as shoemaker union leader and government official Mary Anderson wrote in Good Housekeeping in 1925† (Cobble 66). The representation of gender roles within the family on who holds the responsibility of domestic work affects the dynamics within the American family. ToRead MoreDeclaring the Undeclared War1228 Words   |  5 PagesStepford Wives, a film first released in 1975 and later remade for theatrical release in 2004, sho ws the repression of powerful, aspiring females in full glory. This is something of a metaphoric amplification of how men attempt to prevent women from rising to or above their level. In the film, husbands and their successful, but high-strung wives relocate to a small town called Stepford, where the wives bear striking resemblance to 1950s ideal housewife. Later, it is discovered that the wives are transformed

An Overview of the Corporate Finance Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2311 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? One of the most critical decisions that every organizations needs to make in order to test its feasibility in the market, is the financial decisions. Corporate finance is that area of finance which gives the business enterprises the means to analyse and make financial decisions. It has a major goal to maximize the value of the corporate and at the same time manage the risks that are associated with the same. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Overview of the Corporate Finance Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order This discipline of corporate finance has majorly two different categories. They are long-term and short term categories. Decisions that are pertaining to capital investment include the choices of financing in equity or debt or to make payments in form of dividends to shareholders. The other form is the short-term decision making which is mainly concerned with balancing the working capital that includes current assets and current liabilities. In the present scenario, corporate finance has vast associations with investment banking. Today, an investment bank is used to make an evaluation of the financial needs of a firm and make means to provide for these needs. Corporate finance also varies from company to company. In US it talks about the techniques that are related to managing a companys finances where as in UK, it is more associated with investment banking. Nevertheless, the idea that the term carries includes all long and short term management of finance. (Corporate Finance, 2010) This paper deals with studying seven most significant areas of corporate finance, which help in a better understanding of investment decisions that a firm is required to make. They have been mentioned in the subsequent section. Basic Forms of Business Organizations There are basically four forms of business organizations. They have been mentioned as follows: Sole Proprietorship A business that is entirely managed by a single individual is termed as a sole proprietorship. It is not considered to be a legal entity. All the debts that are associated with the business is the sole responsibility of the individual who owns the business. The owner here has to file a personal income tax in course of running the business. Also, as the owner dies, the business terminated. It is also possible that the user sells his business and no longer remains the proprietor. General Partnership This is a form of business organization that is formed when two or individuals start a business for making profit. The percentage contribution of each of the partners corresponds to the profit share. All partners are equally responsible for the debts of the business and have to take responsibility of the actions of all involved in the partnership. The partnership incomes are also shown on the personal income tax returns of the partners. (Vernimmen, 2009) Limited Liability Company This is a more flexible for of a business organization where there are advantages of liability protection. Here the partners are not liable for the business debts. It is not appropriate for raising capital or for becoming public. It is associated with many periodic filings with the sate hence is more difficult to function as compared to a general partnership. Corporations This is the best form of business organization for raising capital through the same of equities. Here, a board of directors is appointed by the shareholders of the corporation and these board members decide the managing body. It does not diminish at the end of its members. Here, each of the members have to pay their respective taxes on dividends collected while the corporation its own taxes. It is more expensive to form as compared to partnerships. (COMMON FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION, 2010) Determinants of k Interest Rates There are basically five determinants of interest rates. The first one is the real interest rate (k*). This interest rate is free of inflation, risks. In US, it is calculated as the rates on Treasury bills subtracted by the expected inflation rate. The second determinant is inflation risk premium (IRP). This defines the average rate of inflation in course of the time that a security lasts. It generally constitutes of the largest part of the nominal rate. The third determinant is default-risk premium (DRP). This interest rate compensates for the chances the borrower would default for taking money. In US it is calculated as the difference between T-bonds rate and that of a corporate bond which has equal maturity and marketability. The next determinant is maturity premium (MP). This is a premium that is an additional over the real rate of interest which acts as a compensation for the exposure of security to the interest rate risk. With increasing maturity, risk increases. The final of these determinants is the liquidity premium. This compensates for the lack of ability of a security to get converted into cash at a value close to market value. On the basis of these determinants, k interest rate can be calculated as: k= k* + IRP + DRP + MP + LP Business Cycles and Yield Curves Yield curves are profoundly used as analysis tool of the financial markets. The Fed policy makers would soon be using it as one of the key indicators. It is more closely associated with the changes in inflation expectations. It can also be used in prediction of the real economic activity. As we have seen the determinants of interest rates where the expected inflation had been taken into account, yield curves help in forming interest rates that takes into account the future growth and interest rates as well. Yield curves also have long associations with business cycles. The reason for the same is that it gives the most suitable predictions for the business cycle turning points. Even though it is a complex terminology, it has a number of characteristics that are common with business cycles. Research says that whenever there is an expansion in the business cycle, there is a rise of both short and long rates and vice versa for the downturns. It has also been found that all occasions wh en the yield curves that have negative slopes, where the short rates exceed the long rates, the business cycle has been at its peak. Other than those times of unusual behaviour that the Government has shown, almost every expansion has seen short rates rising more than long rates and every recession has seen long rates rising more than short rates. This is the relation between business cycle and yield curves. On a further description of business cycles with yield curves, if one considers an expansion in the business cycle initially, with an improvement from the times of recession, there is an increase in the relative demand for liquidity which increases the short rates. As liquidity begins to tighten; the probability of short rates to continue climbing decreases. As a result, the liquidity premiums begin to shift. Now the rise in short rates does not pass on to long rates and the yield curve gets flatter. Now, the probability of future weakness takes height and therefore yields sprea ds hence increasing the gap between short and long rates. (Keen, 1989) Financial Markets and Institutions In course of its functioning over decades, financial markets have changed their definitions. Today, there are recognized as mechanisms that allow trade of financial securities, commodities and other items that carry value. The transaction costs associated are relatively low and the lower it is the more efficient the market is. Financial markets are basically associated with raisin capital, transferring risks, and also international trade. Securities here can be termed s receipts which the borrower issues to the lender who promises to pay back the capital taken. In return, some form of interests or dividends is expected by the borrowers. Financial markets could either be capital markets composed of stock and bond markets, commodity markets, money markets, derivatives, futures markets, insurance markets and foreign exchange markets. Also, there are primary markets which sell or buy newly formed securities and secondary markets which sell held securities or buy the existing ones. Talk ing about a financial institution, it provides financial services to its clients. They most significantly work as financial intermediaries. There are basically three types of financial institutions. There are deposit-taking institutions which are related to managing loans and deposits. They would be in the form of banks, credit unions, building societies, trust companies and also mortgage loan companies. The other types are the insurance companies and pension funds and the third type are in the form of brokers, underwriters and investment funds. Working as intermediaries, financial institutions are responsible for transfer of funds from investors to companies who require those funds. In other words, they are the ones who facilitate the flow of money. In most countries, financial institutions work under prudential regulations with due regard to consumer protection and stability of the market. (Vernimmen, 2009) Risk and Required Return In most general terms, a risky situation is that which has a certain probability of loss. As the probability of this loss increases, the chances of risk also increase. This can be described by virtue of probability distribution of the possible returns out of it. As far as the return is concerned, the most likely outcome of the same is measured in the form of expected value. If the distribution has been considered normal, the expected value if the arithmetic mean. The more is the expected value of return, the better is the investment. Variance and standard deviation are two important measures that check for risk measurement. In this context dispersion means a higher value of uncertainty that accounts for a higher value of risks. In order to calculate the required rate of return, there are two major factors that have to be taken into account. They are perceived riskiness of the investment and the required rate on making investments other than the ones chosen. So a required rate of re turn can be calculated as the sum of risk free return and the premium that is associated with the risks. Risk-free rate of return signifies the pure-time value of money. It is just the interest paid over the delay of consumption. As far as the risk premium is concerned, it can be classified as follows: Business Risk Financial Leverage Liquidity Risk Exchange Rate Risk Risk and return can be graphically understood by the following graph: Profit versus Wealth Maximization In the traditional times, profit maximization was of major concern and wealth maximization was hardly given any thought. But on further understanding the market, it was found that profit maximization was only about increasing profits not taking into account the need to larger market share, high value of sales, more amount of stability etc. Also, profit maximization did not take into account the difference between shirt-term, mid-term and long-term profits. Also, it did not include profits over time. Today, many organizations are running on the pillars of social responsibility. Profit maximization does not give any heed to the society which is certainly not agreeable in the present context. As far as present scenario is concerned, one can take it for granted that a company would flourish just on the ideas of profit maximization, Hence, came the concept of wealth maximization. As far as wealth maximization is concerned, it is majorly involved in increasing the Earnings per Share (EPS ) of a firm and also to maximize the present value of net worth of the system. One can define wealth here as the difference between the value of gross present worth and the investment which is required to achieve the benefits. Here, gross present worth is actually the capitalised value of the benefits that are expected. There is a discount on this value depending on the uncertainty factor of the benefits associated with the same. So, one can define wealth maximization here is the total cash flow at a particular time as compared to the profits at that time based on a certain activity. All those actions taken by a company where the net present worth is found to be above zero value, there are chances of creating wealth out of them. They should always be considered for wealth maximization rather than on the limited-scope profit maximization. (Profit Maximization vs Wealth maximization, 2007) Types of Financial Instruments Financial instruments are the trading entities in the financial market explained in the previous sections. These financial instruments are mentioned as follows: Equities It is a representation of ownership in a company. Stock markets are the places where the trade of equities can be done. There are chances of purchasing equities directly from a company by virtue of Initial Public Offer (IPO). It is generally considered to be a good investment in the long run but also has a large amount of risks associated with it. Ownership of equities makes a person, a shareholder of a company. (Vishwanath, 2007) Mutual Funds Here, a group of people are given the opportunity to put their money together as an investment and rely on professional organization to manage the same. It has a pre-determined financial objective. The major characteristics associated with the same are diversification in risks, efficiency of costs, management by professionals and sound regulation. Every company has different schemes under this context depending on the type of market requirements. Bonds These financial instruments are of fixed-income nature which has the sole purpose of raising capital from the market. Almost every institution whether private, financial, state or even central and other Government institutions use it to generate funds. Of these Government bonds have least risks associated but that comes with a low level of return as well. Deposits Surplus funds can be secured using investment in banks or through the deposits in post offices. As far as lying on the spectrum is concerned, they generally lie at a lower end but is effective for older people. Cash Equivalents These are of the safest forms of investment options. Hey are also highly liquid in nature. In modern terms treasury bills and also market funds are equivalents of cash. (Financial Instruments, 2011)

The Secret Lives Of The Brain - 1387 Words

Since the dawn of the age of technology, humanity has made massive progress in the study of the human brain. Specifically, humanity’s new technology has led to revelations about the way the brain functions, and continues to discover the neurophysical reasoning behind human actions. These new discoveries continue to disprove previous theories, and have now begun to affect the way society views and perceive criminal law and the way it operates. In his book Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain, David Eagleman argues that there is a deep problem regarding how we think about whether it makes sense to blame people for their actions. Eagle argues that, in light of recent technological medical advancements, the existence of free will is beginning to seem highly improbable, and that both simple and complex actions can be traced back to their neuroscientific basis, without first bypassing the conscious mind. In this paper, I will argue that the theory and reconsideration proposed by Eagleman is, in fact, accurate, and a highly probable proposition for the future of the legal system. Firstly, in order to understand the depth and connotations behind Eagleman’s argument, it is essential to under the concept of free will. In his book, Eagleman describes of free will as, â€Å"[a] small internal voice independent of the biology,† in reference to how the idea of free will operates. This definition, albeit a little biased, is a very accurate representation of the theology behind free will.Show MoreRelatedThe Secret Lives of The Brain1377 Words   |  6 Pages PART I. Incognito: The Secret Lives of The Brain, was very straight forward and extremely intriguing. As David Eagleman, a neuroscientist, elaborates on the American criminal justice system, he brings out important factors that I believe everyone should be focusing on in this country. He states that our actions are not only made up by our unconscious mind, but the way we perceive things is controlled by our unconscious ability to even realize we are controlling it. The conscious mind not onlyRead MoreBuilding Relationships : A Democratic Classroom1254 Words   |  6 Pages Build relationships. Getting to know each of your students as individuals helps you build trust and respect in your relationship. According to the text, Secrets of the Teenage Brain, this assists with establishing a sense of belonging for your students. Building relationships also allows you gain knowledge about your students’ interests and abilities and will help create a more engaging and beneficial instruction. The text also mentions that being friendly and encouraging to each of your studentsRead MoreBrain Dysfunction913 Words   |  4 Pages Brain Dysfunction in Criminal Behavior Jose Luis Abreu CRJ308: Psychology of Criminal Behavior (BLG1319A) Instructor: Cheryl Cabero May 27th, 2013 Brain Dysfunction in Criminal Behavior After viewing the ABC video â€Å"The Brain and Violence: Secrets of Your Mind† I do believe that people are predisposed to violence. I do maintain my position that even if the same Neurological and genetic factors that lead to crime are present in a person the lack of a healthy environment is what will causeRead More Pornography Causes Desensitization, Aggression, and Alienation1265 Words   |  6 Pageslike wildfire through its secrecy and silence (Kendrick 1). Many find pornography harmless, a step toward a greater sexual liberation, a way to set free the secret parts of the soul (Griffin 1). If only they knew the secret they would discover would be an addiction that has the power to last forever! Pornography grows into peoples lives leading to destruction of their marriages, families, and sense of heterosexual love. Like any other addiction, pornography asks only, for one step, one taste.Read MoreSemiotics of the Landscape1006 Words   |  5 Pages The secrets that are held within our hearts always find a way to express themselves. This is true of every individual. Our secret desires and experiences show themselves little by little through our dreams, our personalities, and even through our hobbies. This is a partial description of Sigmund Freuds theory of the unconscious mind. What secrets are being expressed in Margaret Atwoods short story which is called Death by Landscape? How are these secrets manifesting themselves through the stor yRead MoreComparing and Contrasting 1984 and V for Vendetta886 Words   |  4 Pagesby totalitarian rule. It is the government that controls the lives of the people and how the society should be run. In 1984, ‘Big Brother’ aka the Inner party, is the figure that keeps an eye on the people and uses telescreens to watch their movement while in V for Vendetta; ‘Leader’ aka Adam Susan, is in charge of England, its people and the Norsefire party. Another thing is that both factions have secret police. The jobs of the secret police in 1984 and V for Vendetta are basically the same as theyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Secrets Of The Brain Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesI read the article, â€Å"Secrets of the Brain†, found in the February 2014 issue of National Geographic written by Carl Zimmer. I chose this subject because I have been fascinated with the brain and how it works. The research of the brain has been ongoing for many centuries now. The history in this article is interesting. It explained how scientists used to understand the brain and its inner workings. For example, â€Å"in the ancient world physicians believed that the brain was made of phlegm. AristotleRead MoreBarnhouse Effect Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesamong all the living creatures. Brain is the thing which makes human superior to any other living creature. Both the stories selected by me are an exceptional examples of the human brain power. Moreover the writers have used their imagination in a beautiful way to depict the stories also the stories have a hidden moral which is only known to those who really get into the core of them. One of the story is â€Å"The report on Barnhouse effect† and other one is â€Å"the secret life of Walter Mitty†. To beginRead MoreEssay on Truth Or Fiction: The J.f.k. Assassination929 Words   |  4 Pagesappear as an exit wound. But who, and why? Was it to support the Lone Gunman theory? If it was, it failed to do so. Another startling piece of information was concerning Kennedys brain. When the President was ordered out of Parkland without an autopsy, he still had a brain. However, when it the body arrived in Bethsada, the brain had suddenly disappeared! As if that was not mysterious enough, Dr. Crenshaw, the last person to see Kennedys body before it was flown to Bethsada, said the body was put in aRead MoreThe Andromeda Strain By Michael Crichton1265 Words   |  6 Pages Every man makes mistakes, that is part of being a human being, and we can use these mistakes to learn and adapt in the future. Some blunders however, are more dire than others. When a team of scientists working at a top secret installation, who just happen to be researching a deadly new virus that came from outer space make a mistake, it can end in tragedy very quickly. In Michael Crichton’s novel The Andromeda Strain, Crichton illustrates characterization by showing us how each scientist makes

International Journal On Consumer Behaviour â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal On Consumer Behaviour? Answer: Introduction Consumer behaviour can be understood as to how the people, groups, organisation, society, community select, buy, use, consume ideas, goods and services to satiate needs and wants. It refers to the actions which the consumers take in the marketplace and what are their motives behind the same. Its actually very interesting to notice and analyse, how customers identify their needs, and what goods and services they pick to satisfy those needs (Horner Swarbrooke, 2016) Marketers, on the other hand try to predict the behaviour of consumers before launching a particular product or services, to introduce new product in the marketplace by understanding the consumer behaviour and thus provide consumers with the product or services they identify with in their mind. (Solomon ,2014) In this report further, we will understand different models of consumer behaviour, which will make us, understand the purchasing behaviour of consumers. These models will help to identify how consumer thinks, what they needs give preference to, what are the latent needs and so on. Influencers of consumer behaviour: There are multiple factors which influence customer behaviour, before diving into the models, lets briefly see the elements influencing consumer behaviour Marketing factors: The 7Ps of Marketing, viz, Product, price place, promotion, packaging, positioning and distribution (Gifford Nilsson, 2014) Personal factors: These are the factors such as Age, gender, education income level (Cantallops Salvi, 2014) Psychological factors: Buying motives, perception of products and attitudes towards a product or service. Social factors: Social status, reference groups, friends family (Vigneron Johnson, 2017) Cultural factors: It consists of Social class, caste, religion and sub caste. Models of consumer behaviour: They can be categorized in 2 categories, Traditional Contemporary. Traditional Models Economic Model: This model states that a consumer focuses on getting maximum benefits while minimizing the costs. Thus the behaviour solely depends on his purchasing power. Hence the marketers here try to launch the product keeping in mind the competitors pricing and the maximum amount of money a consumer can spend out of his pocket. It can be understood as, if a customer gets a similar product for a lower price, he will surely buy that product, considering maximisation of his benefits at a lesser cost (Boland, 2014) Learning Model: The model is based on the assumption that the consumer behaviour is constrained by the need to satisfy his basic and his learned needs. Food, shelter and clothing forms the part of basic need and fear and guilt constitute learned needs. A customer will thus first fulfil the need that will provide him satisfaction .For example a hungry customer would first look to satisfy his hunger and then move to some of his expensive needs (Ho Bodoff, 2014) Psychoanalytic model: As the name suggest, it is a model which states that the behaviour his influenced by his conscious sub conscious. The extent of consciousness (id, ego superego) works towards influencing consumer behaviour towards his buying decisions. For example, a customer may get subconsciously hook towards the logo or some values associated with the company and hence end up buying that companys product over any rival brand (Gunter Furham, 2014) Sociological model: This is the model which stats that his buying behaviour is influenced and controlled by the society. The culture shapes his buying behaviour. To prove, a team manager and his team member may have different buying behaviour if they are working in the same company because of the position and the roe, but if they both are living in the same society and go to same places, they might end up buying the same products (Chen Tung, 2014) Contemporary Models Howard-Sheath model: Undoubtedly the contemporary model of the recent times; it focuses on the idea of stimulus-response to explain buyers brand choice behaviour over some time duration. There are 4 variables in this model Input variable: It can be understood as the stimuli that come from the environment influencing a consumers behaviour. The stimuli comes in the form of informational cues, explain the product, its features, its usage, pricing, differentiation, service availability. Significant stimulus is the real element which the buyer consists before buying a product. The buyer is directly influenced by attributes of the brand. Symbolic stimulus is factored in by manufactures representation of the product or services in the form of advertisement and its marketing strategies. Then comes social stimuli, where the reference group or peer group creates them and hence influence his buying behaviour. Output variables: These variables start from attention, brand comprehension, his attitude towards the product, than the buyers intent to buy a product and the actual purchase. Exogenous Variables: These are the variables which remains constant in the purview of this model. These can though have great impact on buyer behaviour, some examples of these variables are, financial status, personality variables, culture , social class etc. The Engel, kollat Blackwell model: The hypothesis for the EKB model can be seen as the customers perception of a want that must be satisfied. This then stimulates the search for information, internally (In his memory), externally from his friends, colleagues, neighbours and also from the market (advertisement, marketing collateral etc.). The process of search then identifies various ways in which the needs and the wants can be satisfied, thus leading the customer setting for the criteria by which he evaluates certain alternatives for the product , leading to emergence of attitude and beliefs which ultimately determines his choice (Wu Zheng, 2016) The Nicosia model: In this model, human being is treated as a system, with input as its stimuli and his behaviour as the output. The assumption of this model is based on the marketing view point of a consumer. It focuses on how the firm establishes its brand or product in the head of consumer and influences his purchasing power leading to the product usage and evaluation on a certain criteria. (Chand, 2016) Managerial Implication : In the age of big data, marketers must have access to all the consumers data related to their buying behaviour, the media they consume and give weightage to over others, to develop great communication strategies to target the customer. Based on the data marketers can analyse what product customers buy, what needs the customer gives more heads to, this will help the marketers come up with the right strategy to target the customers. Also, with the use of different consumer buying behaviour models, the understanding of consumers though process becomes easier and hence the positioning and the segmentation can be done accordingly. This goes a long way to satisfy the customers. Thus the right set of data, breaking it down to valuable information would help managers to understand the buying behaviour and pattern (Oliver, 2014) Conclusion: Customer is the king, he was and he will always be, hence it becomes really important to delve in the mind-set of customers in order to come up with a set of product or services which he would instantly consume. The consumer behaviour refers to that action that influences his behaviour towards buying particular product or services and giving a preference over competitors. The buying behaviour models, when understood with great clarity really helps the brands come up with relevant product and services for the customers. Hence, it is established that consumer buying behaviour models, in a great way helps the companies to come up with brilliant strategies to segment, target and position the product in the mind-set of the customer. References: Boland, L. A (2014),The Methodology of Economic Model Building (Routledge Revivals): Methodology After Samuelson, Routledge. Cantallops, A.S. and Salvi, F 2014, New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels, International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.41-51. Chand, S.(2016), Model of Consumer Buying Process: Nicosia Model, McGraw. Chen, M. F Tung, P. J (2014), Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers intention to visit green hotels,International journal of hospitality management,36, 221-230. Gifford, R Nilsson, A.(2014), Personal and social factors that influence pro?environmental concern and behaviour: A review,International Journal of Psychology,49(3), 141-157. Gunter, B Furnham, A (2014),Consumer Profiles (RLE Consumer Behaviour): An Introduction to Psychographics(Vol. 5), Routledge.. Ho, S. Y Bodoff, D (2014), The effects of Web personalization on user attitude and behavior: An integration of the elaboration likelihood model and consumer search theory,MIS quarterly,38(2). Horner, S Swarbrooke, J (2016),Consumer behaviour in tourism, Routledge. Oliver, R. L (2014), Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer, Routledge. Solomon, M.R 2014,Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Vigneron, F. and Johnson, L.W 2017, Measuring perceptions of brand luxury. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 199-234), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Wu, X. Zheng, Y (2016), Social factors that influence consumers decisions when buying second-hand cars in ChinaBased on EKB model, International journal on consumer behaviour, vol 5